Abstract: . . .  costs (and operating costs as well) are subject to an economy of scale, the cost of the facility may be obtained from [17] s R W m C & = m = constant coefficient s = scale factor (--) Page 16 EBS 216: Energy Systems Hydropower --16-- The cost of energy, COE ($ Wh -1 ), based on capital cost alone, can then be found to be ( ) bf R b R s b R t t P A t m E P A C COE - + + - = = 3 1 2 1 1 ) ( ) / ( ) / ( ? ? ? ? [18] ha R ? ? ? = 1 . . .
. . .  costs (and operating costs as well) are subject to an economy of scale, the cost of the facility may be obtained from [17] s R W m C & = m = constant coefficient s = scale factor (--) Page 16 EBS 216: Energy Systems Hydropower --16-- The cost of energy, COE ($ Wh -1 ), based on capital cost alone, can then be found to be ( ) bf R b R s b R t t P A t m E P A C COE - + + - = = 3 1 2 1 1 ) ( ) / ( ) / ( ? ? ? ? [18] ha R ? ? ? = 1 . . .
. . .  capital costs (and operating costs as well) are subject to an economy of scale, the cost of the facility may be obtained from [17] s R W m C & = m = constant coefficient s = scale factor (--) Page 16 EBS 216: Energy Systems Hydropower --16-- The cost of energy, COE ($ Wh -1 ), based on capital cost alone, can then be found to be ( ) bf R b R s b R t t P A t m E P A C COE - + + - = = 3 1 2 1 1 ) ( ) / ( ) / ( ? ? ? ? [18] ha R ? . . .
. . .  reduced. 2 FERC. 1991. Engineering guidelines for the evaluation of hydropower projects. Page 3 EBS 216: Energy Systems Hydropower --3-- Virtually all modern hydrosystems utilize hydraulic turbines as the primary energy converter. Turbines are classified into two types depending on how the water does work on the runner, or the moving part of the machine: • Impulse turbines, such as the Pelton, Turgo, and crossflow types, which utilize . . .
. . .  turbines tends to be quite good, as the efficiency remains high over a large fraction of the operating range. At high turn-down (low percent of rated power), the efficiency drops rather precipitously, however. Figure 4. Hydraulic turbine efficiency 2 . The rated capacity, W , of the turbine is found from equation [6] for the head and flow rate selected, with the appropriate turbine efficiency. R & = (0.87)(9,800 N m -3 )(50 m 3 s -1 . . .
. . .  well) are subject to an economy of scale, the cost of the facility may be obtained from [17] s R W m C & = m = constant coefficient s = scale factor (--) Page 16 EBS 216: Energy Systems Hydropower --16-- The cost of energy, COE ($ Wh -1 ), based on capital cost alone, can then be found to be ( ) bf R b R s b R t t P A t m E P A C COE - + + - = = 3 1 2 1 1 ) ( ) / ( ) / ( ? ? ? ? [18] ha R ? ? ? = 1 1 ) 1( 1 2 + + = f b ? ? ( ) . . .
. . .  expenditure of capital. This may not meet the design criteria, of course. The ability to optimize in the manner of equation [19] assumes a rather free choice in the amount of power generated, when other factors may dictate the size of plant.  . . .
--3000,7,214,3330,23212