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Abstract: . . . 0.4 0.5 0.95 0.95 0.8 0.5 As the fluctuations of air temperature surrounding the plants play an important role for their growth and development, these swings in temperature have been quantified by a factor called thermal load leveling and is expressed mathematically as TLL = T — T * r ; max -* r,mm T 4- T • ± r ; max þ T r,mm ð10Þ In winter, the numerical values of TLL should have lower values by increasing the minimum temperature through the incorporation of heating arrangements resulting in the increase . . . . . . heating source for greenhouses in cold climates. Energy Conversion and Management 39 (13), 1369-1376. Ismail, K., Goncalves, M.M., 1999. Thermal performance of a PCM storage unit. Energy Conversion and Management 40, 115-138. Jain, D., Tiwari, G.N., 2003. Modeling and optimal design of ground air collector for heating in controlled environment greenhouse. Energy Conversion and Management 44 (8), 1357-1372. Page 11 M.K. Ghosal, G.N. Tiwari / Solar Energy 76 (2004) 603-613 613 Janes, H.W., McAvoy, R., Maletta, . . . . . . and wind induced external coefficient for solar collector. Com- ples 2, 56. Zhang, Y., Gauthier, L., Halleux, D.de., Dansereau, B., Gosselin, A., 1996. Effect of covering materials on energy consumption and greenhouse microclimate. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 82 (1-4), 227-244. . . . . . . Charters, W.W.S., Proctor, D., 1977. Solar and wind induced external coefficient for solar collector. Com- ples 2, 56. Zhang, Y., Gauthier, L., Halleux, D.de., Dansereau, B., Gosselin, A., 1996. Effect of covering materials on energy consumption and greenhouse microclimate. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 82 (1-4), 227-244. . . . . . . Balaras, C.A., Lewis, J.O., Vallindras, M., Argiriou, A., 1996. Energy conservation in greenhouse with buried pipes. Energy 52 (5), 353-360. Saravia, L., Echazu, R., Cadena, C., Condori, M., Cabanillas, C., Iriarte, A., Bistoni, S., 1997. Greenhouse solar heating in the Argentinean northwest. Renewable Energy 11 (1), 119- 128. Seginer, I., Albright Louis, D., 1980. Rational operation of greenhouse thermal-curtains. Transactions of the ASAE, 1240-1245. Tiwari, G.N., Dhiman, N.K., 1986. Design and optimization . . . . . . simulation of soil heat exchanger-storage system for green- houses. Solar Energy 60, 333-346. George, C.B., Dimitrios, F., Nikolaos, F.T., 1999. Greenhouse heating using geothermal energy. Geothermics 28 (6), 759- 765. Hussaini, H.A., Suen, K.O., 1998. Using shallow solar ponds as a heating source for greenhouses in cold climates. Energy Conversion and Management 39 (13), 1369-1376. Ismail, K., Goncalves, M.M., 1999. Thermal performance of a PCM storage unit. Energy Conversion and Management 40, 115-138. . . . --3000,6,250,3078,31843
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