Abstract: . . .  September 2002 Table 16. Competitive status of ethanol relative to gasoline with a 25% reduction in delivered feedstock costs and at a 70% oil self-sufficiency rate. Percentage reduction in ethanol conversion costs Carbon emission tax ($/Mg) 0 10 25 50 0 Logging residues (Marginal or joint cost) Logging residues (Marginal or joint cost), willow/switchgr ass, and poplar 25 Logging residues (Marginal cost) 50 Logging residues (Joint . . .
. . .  production and consumption decision-making, biomass energy would promise to be an alternative, cost-effective energy source. The competitive status of biomass energy under different technological progress, carbon emission tax, and oil self-sufficiency scenarios is presented in the Appendix (Tables 5-16). This analysis incorporated existing findings on the economics of biomass energy production in the U.S. and was in general based on . . .
. . .  product and fuel wood. No stumpage values were included. b Biomass in italics indicates that its competitive status has been improved from the scenario specified in Table 14. Page 28 Paper prepared for the IEA Bioenergy Task 29 Workshop in Cavtat, Croatia, 19-21 September 2002 Table 16. Competitive status of ethanol relative to gasoline with a 25% reduction in delivered feedstock costs and at a 70% oil self-sufficiency rate. . . .
. . .  Switchgrass (13.45 d Mg/ha/yr) Logging residues (Marginal cost) Logging residues (Joint cost) Figure 9. Ethanol and gasoline production costs at different carbon tax and oil self-sufficiency rates. If carbon tax, energy security, and technology advance are all considered, ethanol would have much better potential to compete with gasoline. For instance, with a carbon tax of $25/Mg, a 70% oil self- sufficiency rate, and a 25% reduction . . .
. . .  additional costs from the conventional timber (pulpwood) harvest were counted for fuel wood production, and "joint cost" means that the total production costs were distributed between the conventional wood product and fuel wood. No stumpage values were included. b Biomass in italics indicates that its competitive status has been improved from the scenario specified in Table 15.  . . .
. . .  (pulpwood) harvest were counted for fuel wood production, and "joint cost" means that the total production costs were distributed between the conventional wood product and fuel wood. No stumpage values were included. b Biomass in italics indicates that its competitive status has been improved from the scenario specified in Table 15.  . . .
. . .  product and fuel wood. No stumpage values were included. b Biomass in italics indicates that its competitive status has been improved from the scenario specified in Table 14. Page 28 Paper prepared for the IEA Bioenergy Task 29 Workshop in Cavtat, Croatia, 19-21 September 2002 Table 16. Competitive status of ethanol relative to gasoline with a 25% reduction in delivered feedstock costs and at a 70% oil self-sufficiency rate. . . .
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