Abstract: . . .  incineration and district heating units above 1 MW will be converted to cogeneration units by the same deadline. Energy policies In reaction to the 1973 oil shock, Denmark put emphasis on energy conservation and fuel substitution (from oil to natural gas and biomass) to reduce the country’s dependence on oil imports. Individual heating systems were replaced by more efficient district heating systems. An energy tax was introduced on oil and coal to keep consumer prices high. Tax earnings were invested in energy-saving equipment and research into modern biomass systems. Cogeneration district heating plants were converted to use straw, wood chips and waste. Burning straw in the field was prohibited in 1990. The issue of global warming led to the introduction of a CO2 tax in combination with incentives for decentralized electricity generation using renewables. Other incentives are funding of up to 30% of the cost of biomass-fired boilers and biogas plants, and support for research into modern biomass energy crops and systems. US$/toe Annex 5 Page 19 CONTENTS • • • • • • • • • • • • Summary Biomass energy in ASEAN economies Advantages & constraints Utilization and sources in ASEAN countries Making the most of biomass energy AEEMTRC - COGEN - RWEDP A call for action Annex 1 Annex 2 Annex 3 Annex 4 Annex 5 Biomass energy in ASEAN economies (graphs) Residue potential in ASEAN countries Example: a woodwaste power plant in Indonesia Biomass energy in selected industrialized countries Example: biomass energy in Denmark for more information, please contact: Regional Wood Energy Development Programme in Asia FAO/RAPA Maliwan Mansion Phra Atit Road Bangkok 10200 Thailand Tel: +66 (2) 2802760 Fax: +66 (2) 2800760 Email: rwedp@fao.org  . . .
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