Abstract: . . .  megawatt MW gigajoule GJ terawatt-hour TWh petajoule PJ Conversion factors Type Energy Energy Energy Energy Energy Energy Energy Energy Power Time Pressure Name kilowatt-hour terawatt-hour litre of petrol m3 of natural gas at STP tonne of NSW black coal tonne of Vic. brown coal tonne of green wood tonne of oven-dried wood kWh per year Year Atmosphere Symbol kWh TWh L t t t t kWh/y y Value 3.6 x 106 J = 3.6 MJ 3.6 x 1015 J = 3.6 PJ . . .
. . .  Wind Energy Association (AusWEA), fact sheets (www.auswea.com.au); American Wind Energy Association (www.awea.org/faq/index.html, go to Wind Energy and the Environment); European Wind Energy Association’s fact sheet, Wind Energy and the Environment (www.ewea.org); and Saddler, Diesendorf and Denniss (2004, Section 7.2) Towards Western Australia’s Clean Energy Future 47 Units and Conversion Factors Powers of 10 Prefix Kilo Mega Giga . . .
. . .  ground. Short-cycle tree crops on the wheat belt will share in the fertiliser received by the wheat. It is also possible to backload biomass ash from power stations to the fields on the same trucks that collect the biomass from the fields. Nevertheless, this issue requires further research. In summary, the environmental impacts of well designed bioelectricity systems are in general much less than those of coal-fired electricity. . . .
. . .  power generated. As the penetration of wind power into a grid becomes very large, the value of wind power as ‘firm’ capacity tends towards a limit. At a wind energy penetration of, say, 20%, some additional peak-load (hydro or gas turbines) is indeed required to maintain grid reliability. But this peak-load plant is only a fraction of the wind capacity and does not have to be operated frequently. It is equivalent to reliability insurance . . .
. . .  2004, Western Australian Greenhouse Strategy, Government of Western Australia, Perth, www.greenhouse.wa.gov.au. Western Australian Sustainable Energy Association (WA SEA) Inc. 2005. The Western Australian Government Solar Hot Water Heater Subsidy: Net Benefits for Consumers, the Environment and WA Economy. WA SEA Inc, Perth (www.wasea.com.au) Paterson Security Western Power 2003, 2003 Annual Report, Western Power, Perth (www.westernpower.com.au). . . .
. . .  year Year Atmosphere Symbol kWh TWh L t t t t kWh/y y Value 3.6 x 106 J = 3.6 MJ 3.6 x 1015 J = 3.6 PJ 3.2 x 107 J 3.4 x 107 J 23 GJ 10 GJ 10 GJ 20 GJ 0.114 W 8760 hours 101.325 kPa Towards Western Australia’s Clean Energy Future 48  . . .
. . .  optimal composition of electricity grids with unreliable units: solvable models, Adv. Appl. Prob. 17: 367-85. Towards Western Australia’s Clean Energy Future 40 Greene D and Pears A 2003, Policy Options for Energy Efficiency in Australia, ACRE, Perth. Grubb M 1986, Integration of renewable energy sources. PhD thesis, University of Cambridge, UK. Haslett J 1981, The effect of dispersal on the capacity value of wind power, Wind . . .
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