Abstract: . . .  costs. Including emissions of air pollutants other than CO2 may influence the ranking of different biomass technologies. Emissions of NOx and hydrocarbons will be lower from small- and medium-scale plants due to better combustion performance. Further, efficient pollution-abatement equipment can be used at a lower cost in largescale plants. TIMES (TERI Information Monitor on Environmental Science) • Volume 4, Number 2 (December 1999)  . . .
. . .  use of instruments for measurements of flue gas temperature and oxygen concentration, drying of fuelwood with about 25% moisture content, and improvements in the training of operators, thermal efficiency values may be increased from 50% to 70% or more. A gain of 20% in thermal efficiency implies a reduction of 40% in fuelwood usage (Marland 1995). To determine the full GHG implications of an energy system, every phase of the system, i.e. from resource extraction to waste disposal, has to be examined. Also the accompanying flows of GHGs to and from the atmosphere have to be evaluated. This procedure includes the discharge of combustion products like CO2 and the release of fugitive emissions like methane, NO x, and SO2. Generally, it includes direct . . .
. . .  stratospheric ozone, and global warning. For large combustion plants (>50 MW) operating on fossil fuel, NOx emissions are covered by the directives. The NOx is derived from the following three routes in combustion process. P Thermal NOx P Prompt NOx P Fuel NOx TIMES (TERI Information Monitor on Environmental Science) • Volume 4, Number 2 (December 1999) 84 In most combustion systems using fossil fuels, the NO component of NOx exceeds 90% with minor levels of NO2. The conversion of atmospheric nitrogen in combustion air to NO x arises through the prompt NOx and thermal NOx routes. The thermal NOx mechanism proceeds through reactions involving nitrogen and oxygen atoms (the Zeldovich mechanism). The activation energy of the rate-determining step suggests . . .
. . .  fuel cells, and advanced gas turbines may increase the conversion efficiency and reduce the costs of electricity and heat production. These developments will result in a larger potential for CO2 reduction for a given amount of biomass and may also result in lower CO2 reduction costs. Including emissions of air pollutants other than CO2 may influence the ranking of different biomass technologies. Emissions of NOx and hydrocarbons will be lower from small- and medium-scale plants due to better combustion performance. Further, efficient pollution-abatement equipment can be used at a lower cost in largescale plants. TIMES (TERI Information Monitor on Environmental Science) • Volume 4, Number 2 (December 1999)  . . .
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