Abstract: . . .  specific donor standards rather than developing country national standards. 4 Summary of Trends Whilst there is great diversity between the countries participating in the IEA-PVPS Programme and although this survey does not capture the whole PV market worldwide, it does provide an indication of global trends. In this report the term ‘market’ has been used in its broadest sense. Amongst the variety of PV deployments reported there are those that are currently economic, those where added values create an interest and those for which the need for ongoing public support appears firmly entrenched. This . . .
. . .  cadmium telluride (CdTe), and copper- indium-gallium-diselenide (CIGS). Further research and development is being carried out to improve the efficiency of all the basic types of cells with laboratory efficiencies for single crystal cells over 25 %, and for thin film technologies over 19 % being achieved. Photovoltaic modules are typically rated between 50 W and 200 W but several manufacturers now offer modules up to 300 W. Crystalline silicon modules consist of individual PV cells connected together and encapsulated between a transparent front, usually glass, and a backing material, usually plastic. . . .
. . .  discharge or overcharging. Some charge controllers also have integrated MPP trackers to maximize the PV electricity generated. If there is the requirement for a.c. electricity, a ‘stand-alone inverter’ can supply conventional a.c. appliances. Further details More detailed descriptions of PV technology and applications can be found on the IEA-PVPS website at www.iea-pvps.org. Page 26 24 Notes Page 27  . . .
. . .  manufacturing, system design, installation and testing. The common approach remains project specific donor standards rather than developing country national standards. 4 Summary of Trends Whilst there is great diversity between the countries participating in the IEA-PVPS Programme and although this survey does not capture the whole PV market worldwide, it does provide an indication of global trends. In this report the term ‘market’ has been used in its broadest sense. Amongst the variety of PV deployments reported there are those that are currently economic, those where added values create an interest . . .
. . .  are less expensive to produce but are marginally less efficient, with an average efficiency around 13 %. Thin film cells are constructed by depositing extremely thin layers of photovoltaic semi-conductor materials onto a backing material such as glass, stainless steel or plastic. Module efficiencies reported for thin film PV are currently ranging from 7 % (a-Si) to 13,52 % (CIS) but they are potentially cheaper to manufacture than crystalline cells. The disadvantage of low conversion efficiencies is that larger areas of photovoltaic arrays are required to produce the same amount of electricity. . . .
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